I.t.application in business

  DEFINITION RAM (Random Access Memory) RAM (Random Access Memory) is the hardware in a computing device where the operating system (OS), application programs. Random-access memory  (  RAM  ) is a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code. A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory. In contrast, with other direct-access data storage media such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older magnetic tapes and drum memory, the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement. Example of writable volatile random-access memory: Synchronous Dynamic RAM modules, primarily used as main memory in personal computers, workstations, and servers

  CPU  A processor (CPU) is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic  instructions  that drive a computer. The CPU is seen as the main and most crucial integrated circuitry ( IC ) chip in a computer, as it is responsible for interpreting most of computers commands. CPUs will perform most basic arithmetic, logic and I/O operations, as well as allocate commands for other chips and components running in a computer. The term  processor  is  used interchangeably  with the term central processing unit ( CPU ), although strictly speaking, the CPU is not the only processor in a computer. The  GPU  (graphics processing unit) is the most notable example, but the hard drive and other devices within a computer also perform some processing independently. Nevertheless, the term  processor  is generally understood to mean the CPU. Processors can be found in PCs, smartphones, tablets and other computers. The two main competitors in the processor market are  Intel  and 

  D EFINITION computer hardware Computer hardware is a collective term used to describe any of the physical components of an analog or digital computer. Computer hardware  is a collective term used to describe any of the physical components of an analog or digital computer. The term  hardware  distinguishes the tangible aspects of a computing device from software, which consists of written instructions that tell physical components what to do. Computer hardware can be categorized as having either internal or external components. Internal components include items such as the motherboard, central processing unit ( CPU ), random access memory ( RAM ), hard drive, optical drive, heat sink, power supply, transistors, chips, graphics processing unit ( GPU ), network interface card ( NIC ) and Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports. These components collectively process or store the instructions delivered by the program or operating system (OS). External components, also called  peripheral  compone

Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks. It is the opposite of hardware, which describes the physical aspects of a computer. Software is a generic term used to refer to applications, scripts   and programs that run on a device. It can be thought of as the variable part of a computer, while hardware is the invariable part. The two main categories of software are application software and system software. An application is software that fulfills a specific need or performs tasks. System software is designed to run a computer's hardware and provides a platform for applications to run on top of. Other types of software include programming software, which provides the programming tools software developers need; middleware, which sits between system software and applications; and driver software, which operates computer devices and peripherals. Early software was written for specific computers and sold with the hardware it r

A  Internet Protocol version 6  ( IPv6 ) is the most recent version of the  Internet Protocol  (IP), the  communications protocol  that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the  Internet . IPv6 was developed by the  Internet Engineering Task Force  (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of  IPv4 address exhaustion . IPv6 is intended to replace  IPv4 . [1]  In December 1998, IPv6 became a Draft Standard for the IETF, [2]  who subsequently ratified it as an  Internet Standard  on 14 July 2017. [3] [4] Internet Protocol Version 6 Communication protocol IPv6 header Purpose Internetworking protocol Developer(s) Internet Engineering Task Force Introduced December 1995 ; 25 years ago Based on IPv4 OSI layer Network layer RFC(s) RFC 2460, RFC 820 Devices on the Internet are assigned a unique   IP address   for identification and location definition. With the rapid growth of the Internet after commercialization in the 1990s

  Decomposition of an IPv4 address from dot-decimal notation to its binary value An IPv4 address has a size of 32 bits, which limits the address space to 4294967296 (2 32 ) addresses. Of this number, some addresses are reserved for special purposes such as private networks (~18 million addresses) and multicast addressing (~270 million addresses). IPv4 addresses are usually represented in dot-decimal notation, consisting of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g.,  172.16.254.1 . Each part represents a group of 8 bits (an octet) of the address. In some cases of technical writing, [ specify ]  IPv4 addresses may be presented in various hexadecimal, octal, or binary representations. Subnetting history In the early stages of development of the Internet Protocol, the network number was always the highest order octet (most significant eight bits). Because this method allowed for only 256 networks, it soon proved inadequate as additional networks

  An   Internet Protocol address   ( IP address ) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a   computer network   that uses the   Internet Protocol   for communication. [1] [2]   An IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface   identification   and location   addressing . Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit number. [2]  However, because of the growth of the Internet and the depletion of available IPv4 addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for the IP address, was standardized in 1998. [3] [4] [5]  IPv6 deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s. IP addresses are written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as  172.16.254.1  in IPv4, and  2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1  in IPv6. The size of the routing prefix of the address is designated in CIDR notation by suffixing the address with the number of significant bits, e.g.,  192.168.1.15 / 24 , which is equivalent to the historically